How to Cite
Abstract
There are considered results of studies on the association between parental age at conception and risk of various childhood and adult-onset cancers in progeny. In spite of inconsistency of data available it is possible to affirm that advanced parental age is a risk factor of cancer in progeny as well as of other adverse health effects. Paternal age seems to be more significant then maternal age due to particularity of gametogenesis in men lasted during whole life (as opposed to women). In a result sperm accumulates much more potential carcenogenic injuries (mutations, epigenetic alterations, particularity of telomeres) transmitted to progeny. The standard designs of studies are described (case-control, population cohort) as well as sources of personal information (Cancer Registers, Registers of Births, interview), parameters of assessment of parental age effect (mean age of parents in case and control groups, odds ratio - OR, relative risk - RR). The causes of discrepancy of results are discussed. Some unusual results are described (association between parental age and hematological cancer, in adult offspring limited to participants without siblings in childhood, protective effect of older ages of parents for some kinds of malignancies in children) which need further investigations.
References
Безлепкин В.Г., Васильева Г.В., Ломаева М.Г. и др. Исследование нестабильности генома методом фингер-принтов ДНК потомства самцов мышей, подвергнутых хроническому g-облучению в малых дозах//Радиационная биология. Радиоэкология. -2000. -Т. 40. -№ 5. -С. 506-512.
Воробцова И.Е., Воробьева М.В., Корытова Л.И., Шуст В.Ф. Исследование цитогенетической реакции лимфоцитов на облучение in vitro у детей, рожденных пациентами после противоопухолевой лучевой и химиотерапии.//Цитология. -1995. -Т. 37. -№ 5/6. -С. 449-457.
Локтионов А.С. Клинико-эпидемиологическое значение канцерогенных эффектов внешней среды в возникновении наследственной предрасположенности к опухолевому росту//Вопросы онкологии. -1988. -Т.34. -№8. -С. 899-907.
Соленова Л.Г. Факторы онкологического риска у детей и подходы к профилактике их воздействия.//Педиатрия. -2011. -Т. 90. -№ 4. -С. 120-126.
Adkins R.M., Thomas F., Tylavsky F.A., Krushkal J. Parental ages and levels of DNA methylation in the newborn are correlated//BMC Med Genet. -2011. -Vol. 12. -№ 47. -P. 47-59.
Bennett-Baker P.E., Wilkowski J., Burke D.T. Age-associated activation of epigenetically repressed genes in the mouse//Genetics. -2003. -Vol. 165. -№ 4. -P. 2055-2062.
Bishop D.B., 0>Connor PJ., Desai J. Diabetes//Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Control (3rd ed.) Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 2010. -p. 301.
Choi J.Y., Lee K.M., Park S.K. et al. Association of paternal age at birth and the risk of breast cancer in offspring: a case control study//BMC Cancer. -2005. -Vol. 5. -P 143-152.
Crow J.F. The high spontaneous mutation rate: Is it a health risk?//Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. -1997. -Vol. 94. -№ 16. -P. 8380-8386.
Crow J.F. The origins, patterns and implications of human spontaneous mutation//Nature Reviews Genetics. -2000. -Vol. 1. -P 40-47.
De Meyer T., Rietzschel E.R., De Buyzere M.L. et al. Paternal age at birth is an important determinant of offspring telomere length//Hum Mol Genet. -2007. -Vol. 16. -№ 24. -P 3097-3102.
Deville L., Hillion J., Ségal-Bendirdjian E. Telomerase regulation in hematological cancers: a matter of stemness?//Biochim Biophys Acta. -2009. -Vol. 1792. -№ 4. -P. 229-239.
Dockerty J.D., Draper G., Vincent T. et al. Case-control study of parental age, parity and socioeconomic level in relation to childhood cancers//Int. J. Epidemiol. -2001. -Vol. 30. -№ 6. -P 1428-1437.
Flatscher-Bader T., Foldi C.J., Chong S. et al. Increased de novo copy number variants in the offspring of older males//Transl Psychiatry. -2011. -Vol. 1. -№ 8. -e34.
Girirajan S. Parental-age effects in Down syndrome//J. Genet. -2009. -Vol. 88. -№ 1. -P. 1-7.
Gonzalez-Suarez E., Samper E., Ramirez A. et al. Increased epidermal tumors and increased skin wound healing in transgenic mice overexpressing the catalytic subunit of telomerase, mTERT, in basal keratinocytes//EMBO J. -2001. -Vol. 20. -№ 11. -P. 2619-2630.
Hemminki K., Kyyrönen P. Parental age and risk of sporadic and familial cancer in offspring: implications for germ cell mutagenesis//Epidemiology. -1999. -Vol.10. -№ 6. -P 747-751.
Henderson B.E., Bogdanoff E., Gerkins V.R. et al. Evaluation of cancer risk factors in a retired community//Cancer Res. -1974. -Vol. 34. -P 1045-1048.
Hodgson M.E., Newman B., Millikan R.C. Birthweight, parental age, birth order and breast cancer risk in African-American and white women: a population-based case-control study//Breast Cancer Res. -2004. -Vol.10. -№ 6. -P 747-751.
Innes K., Byers T., Schymura M. Birth characteristics and subsequent risk for breast cancer in very young women//Am. J. Epidemiol. -2000. -Vol. 152. -№ 12. -P 1121-1128.
Janerich D.T., Hayden C.L., Thompson W.D. et al. Epidemiologic evidence of perinatal influence in the etiology of adult cancers//Clin. Epidemiol. -1989. -Vol. 42. -P. 151-157.
Jenkins T.G., Aston K.I., Pflueger C. et al. Age-associated sperm DNA methylation alterations: possible implications in offspring disease susceptibility//PLoS Genet. -2014. -Vol. 10. -№ 7. -e1004458.
Johnson K.J., Carozza S.E., Chow E.J. et al. Parental age and risk of childhood cancer: a pooled analysis//Epidemiology. -2009. -Vol. 20. -№ 4. -P. 475-483.
Kimura M., Cherkas L.F., Kato B.S. et al. Offspring's leukocyte telomere length, paternal age, and telomere elongation in sperm//PLoS Genet. -2008. -Vol. 4. -№ 2. -e37.
Kolevzon A., Gross R., Reichenberg A. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for autism: a review and integration of finding//Arch Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. -2007. -Vol. 161. -№4. -P. 326-333.
Kong A., Frigge M.L., Masson G. et al. Rate of de novo mutations and the importance of father's age to disease risk//Nature. -2012. -Vol. 488. -P. 471-475.
Lan Q., Cawthon R., Shen M. et al. A prospective study of telomere length measured by monochrome multiplex quantitative PCR and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma//Clin. Cancer Res. -2009. -Vol. 15. -№ 23. -P 7429-7433.
Lu Y., Ma H., Sullivan-Halley J. et al. Parents' ages at birth and risk of adult-onset hematologic malignancies among female teachers in California//Am. J. Epidemiol. -2010. -Vol. 171. -№ 12. -P. 1262-1269.
Malaspina D., Reichenberg A., Weiser M. et al. Paternal age and intelligence: implications for age-related genomic changes in male germ cells//Psychiatr. Genet. -2005. -Vol.15. -№ 2. -P. 117-125.
McLaughlin C.C., Baptiste M.S., Schymura M.J. et al. Maternal and infant birth characteristics and hepatoblastoma//Am. J. Epidemiol. -2006. -Vol. 163. -№ 9. -P. 818-828.
Mills M.B., Hudgins L., Balise R.R. et al. Mutation risk associated with paternal and maternal age in cohort of retinoblastoma survivors//Hum Genet. -2012. -Vol. 131. -№7. -P. 1115-1122.
Moll A.C., Imhof S.M., Kuik D.J. et al. High parental age is associated with sporadic hereditary retinoblastoma: the Dutch retinoblastoma register 1862-1994//Hum Genet. -1996. -Vol. 98. -P. 109-112.
Nomura T. Role of radiation-induced mutations in multi-generation carcinogenesis//Perinatal and multigeneration carcinogenesis. IARC publication. -1989. -№ 96. -Р. 375-388.
Noy A. Telomeres: the long and short of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma//Clin. Cancer Res. -2009. -Vol. 15. -№ 23. -P. 7114-7115.
Olson J.M., Breslow N.E., Beckwith J.B. Wilms> tumour ant parental age: a report from National Wilms> Tumour Study//Br. J. Cancer. -1993. -Vol. 67. -P. 813-818.
Penrose L.S. Parental age and mutation//Lancet. -1955. -Vol. 269. -P. 312-313.
Perinatal and multigeneration carcinogenesis/Eds. N.P. Napalkov, J.M. Rice, L. Tomatis and H. Yamasaki. IARC publication. -Lyon, 1989. -№96. -426 p.
Podvin D., Kuehn C.M., Mueller B.A., Williams M. Maternal and birth characteristics to childhood leukaemia//Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiol. -2006. -Vol. 20. -P. 312-322.
Ries L.A.G., Smith M.A., Gurney J.G. et al. Cancer incidence and survival among children and adolescents: United States SEER program 1975-1995//NIH Pub. -1999. -№99. -P. 4559.
Shah P.S. Paternal factors and low birthweight, preterm, and small for gestational age births: a systematic review//Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. -2010. -Vol. 202. -№ 2. -P. 103-123.
Sharma R., Agarwal A., Rohra V.K. et al. Effects of increased paternal age on sperm qualitY., reproductive outcome and associated epigenetic risks to offspring//Re-prod. Biol. Endocrinol. -2015. -Vol. 13. -№ 1. -P. 35.
Singh N.P., Muller C.H., Berger R.E. Effects of age on DNA double-strand breaks and apoptosis in human sperm//Fertil Steril. -2003. -Vol. 80. -№ 6. -P. 1420-1430.
Strong L.C. Prospectus for a survey of human cancer based upon the concept of parental age//Yale J. of Biology and Medicine. -1953. -Vol. 26. -P. 155-158.
Templado C., Donate A., Giraldo J. et al. Advanced age increases chromosome structural abnormalities in human spermatozoa//Eur. J. Hum. Genet. -2011. -Vol. 19. -№ 2. -P. 145-151.
Teras L.R., Gaudet M.M., Blase J.L., Gapstur S.M. Parental age at birth and risk of hematological malignancies in older adults//Am. J. Epidemiol. -2015. -Vol. 182. -№ 1. -p. 41-48.
Toriello H.V., Meck J.M. Statement on guidance for genetic counseling in advanced paternal age//Genet Med. -2008. -Vol. 10. -№ 6. -P 457-460.
Troisi R., Grotmol T, Jacobsen J. et al. Perinatal characteristics and breast cancer risk in daughters: a Scandinavian population-based study//Dev. Orig. Health Dis. -2013. -Vol. 4. -№ 1. -P 35-41.
Unryn B.M., Cook L.S., Riabowol K.T. Paternal age is positively linked to telomere length of children//Aging Cell. -2005. -Vol. 4. -№ 2. -P. 97-101.
Vogel F., Rathenberg R. Spontaneous mutation in man//Adv. Hum. Genet. -1975. -Vol. 5. -P 223-318.
Vorobtsova I.E., Kitaev E.M. Urethane induced lung adenomas in the first generation progeny of irradiated male mice//Carcinogenesis. -1988. -Vol.9. -№11. -P 1931-1934.
Vorobtsova I.E. Irradiation of male rats increases the chromosomal sensitivity of progeny to genotoxic agents//Mutagenesis. -2000. -Vol. 15. -№ 1. -Р. 33-38.
Weinberg W. Zur Vererbung des Zwergwuchses. (On the inheritance of dwarfism)//Arch Rassen-u Gesell Biol. -1912. -Vol. 9. -P 710-718.
Westergaard T., Andersen P., Pedersen J. et al. Testicular cancer risk and maternal parity: a population-based cohort study//Br. J. Cancer. -1998. -Vol. 77. -P. 1180-1185.
Yip B.H., Pawitan Yu., Czene K. Parental age and risk of childhood cancers: a population-based cohort study from Sweden//Int. J. Epidemiol. -2006. -Vol. 35. -P 1495-1503.
Zhang Yu., Kreger B.E., Dorgan J.F. Parental age at child's birth and son's risk of prostate cancer//Am. J. Epidemiol. -1999. -Vol. 150. -№ 11. -P 1208-1212.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.