DYNAMICS OF PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN CONCENTRATION - GROWTH KINETICS OF PROSTATE CANCER?
PDF (Русский)

Keywords

prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
prostate cancer

How to Cite

, , & . (2014). DYNAMICS OF PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN CONCENTRATION - GROWTH KINETICS OF PROSTATE CANCER?. Voprosy Onkologii, 60(4), 438–449. https://doi.org/10.37469/0507-3758-2014-60-4-438-449

Abstract

Current research confirms that the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is not just a protein required for liquefaction of the ejaculate but it plays biological role in the development of prostate cancer. Assessment of the PSA dynamics offers good opportunities for understanding the kinetics of growth of prostate tumors. The most frequently it is performed calculation of PSA doubling time (PSADT), a parameter that requires a logarithmic analysis and takes into account the exponential nature of tumor growth. The review shows modern clinical applications and evaluation of PSADT at all stages of prostate cancer development
https://doi.org/10.37469/0507-3758-2014-60-4-438-449
PDF (Русский)

References

Жаринов Г.М., Гущин В.А. Скорость роста и клеточная потеря при раке шейки матки // Вопр. онкол. - 1989. - Т. 35. - С. 21-25.

Жаринов Г.М., Пожарисский К.М., Винокуров В.Л. и др. Некоторые кинетические характеристики рака шейки матки // Вопр. онкол. - 2009. - Т. 55. - С. 196-200.

Матвеев Б.П. (Ред.) Клиническая онкоурология М., ИД «АБВ-пресс». - 2011.- С. 495-525.

Пушкарь Д.Ю., Говоров А.В. Маркеры рака предстательной железы // Экспер. и клин. урол. - 2011. - № 2-3. - С. 15-18.

Пьяных П.П., Воробьев Н.В., Нюшко К.М. Мониторинг динамики ПСА и оценка диагностической ценности скорости прироста ПСА у больных раком предстательной железы после радикальной простатэктомии // Онкоурол. - 2007. - № 3. - С. 68-72

Albertsen P., Hanley J., Penson D., Fine J. Validation of increasing prostate specific antigen as a predictor of prostate cancer death after treatment of localized prostate cancer with surgery or radiation // J. Urol. - 2004. - Vol. 171. - P. 2221-2225.

Arlen P.M., Bianco F., Sartor O. Prostate-Specific Antigen Working Group’s Guidelines on PSA Doubling Time

Babaian R.J., Evans R.B., Fritsche H.A. Prostate-specific antigen and prostate gland volume: Correlation and clinical application // J. Clin. Laborat. Anal.- 1990. - Vol. 4. - P. 135-137.

Balk S.P., Yoo-Joung Ko, Bubley G.J. Biology of Prostate-Specific Antigen // JCO. - 2003. - Vol. 21. - P. 383-391.

Berry S.J., Coffey D.S., Walsh P.C., Ewing. L.L. The development of human benign prostatic hyperplasia with age // J. Urol. - 1984. - Vol. 132. - P. 474-479.

Boorjian S.A., Siddiqui S.A., Inman B.A. et al. The impact of Gleason score on the predictive value of PSA doubling time // J. Urol. - 2007. - Vol. 177. - P. 469-470.

Brawer M.K., Rennels M.A., Nagle R.B. et al. Serum prostate-specific antigen and prostate pathology in men having simple prostatectomy // Am. J. Clin. Pathol. - 1989. - Vol. 92. - P. 760-764.

Peter N., Brawn M.D., Speights D.O. et al. Prostate-specific antigen levels from completely sectioned, clinically benign, whole prostates // Cancer. (Philad) - 1991.- Vol. 68. - P. 1592-1599.

Carter H.B., Pearson J.D., Metter E.J. et al. Longitudinal evaluation of prostate-specific antigen levels in men with and without prostate disease // JAMA. - 1992. - Vol. 267. - P. 2215-2220.

Chen C.D., Welsbie D.S., Tran C. et al. Molecular Determinants of Resistance to Antiandrogen therapy // Nature Medicine. - 2004. - Vol. 10. - P. 33-39.

Choo R., Klotz L., Deboer G. et al. Wide variation of prostate-specific antigen doubling time of untreated, clinically localized, low-to-intermediate grade, prostate carcinoma // BJU Int. - 2004. - Vol. 94. - P. 2 95-298.

Cohen P., Graves H.C., Peehl D.M. et al. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Is an Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 Protease found in Seminal Plasma // J. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. - 1992. - Vol. 75. - P. 1046-1053.

Cramer S.D., Chen Z., Peehl D.M. Prostate-Specific Antigen Cleaves Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein in the PTH-like Domain: Inactivation of PTHrP-Stimulated cAMP Accumulation in Mouse Osteoblasts // J. Urology. - 1996. - Vol. 156. - P. 526-531.

Crook J.M., Choan E., Perry G.A. et al. Serum prostate-specific antigen profile following radiotherapy for prostate cancer: implications for patterns of failure and definition of cure // Urology. - 1998. - Vol. 51. - P. 566-572.

D’Amico A.V., Hanks G.E. Linear regressive analysis using prostate-specific antigen doubling time for predicting tumor biology and clinical outcome in prostate cancer // Cancer (Philad). - 1993. - Vol. 72. - P. 2638-2643.

D’Amico A.V., Moul J.W., Carroll P.R. et al. Surrogate end point for prostate cancer-specific mortality after radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy // J. Natl. Cancer Inst. - 2003. - Vol. 95. - P. 1376-1383.

D’Amico A.V., Moul J.W., Carroll P.R. et al. Intermediate end point for prostate cancer-specific mortality following salvage hormonal therapy for prostate-specific antigen failure // J. Natl. Cancer Inst. - 2004. - Vol. 96. - P. 509-515.

Daskivich T.J., Regan M.M., Oh W.K. Distinct prognostic role of prostate-specific antigen doubling time and velocity at emergence of androgen independence in patients treated with chemotherapy // Urology. - 2007. - Vol. 70. - P. 527-531.

Deslypere J.P., Vermeulen A. Leydig Cell Function in Normal Men: Effect of Age, Life-Style, Residence, Diet, and Activity // J. Clin Endocrinol & Metabolism. - 1984. - Vol. 59. - P. 955-962.

Egawa S., Arai Y., Tobisu K. et al. Use of pretreatment prostate-specific antigen doubling time to predict outcome after radical prostatectomy // Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. - 2000. - Vol. 3. - P. 269-274.

El-Geneidy M., Garzotto M., Panagiotou I. et al. Delayed therapy with curative intent in a contemporary prostate cancer watchful-waiting cohort // BJU Int. - 2004. - Vol. 93. - P. 510-515.

Ferlay J., Shin H.R., Bray F. et al. GLOBOCAN 2008 v1.2: Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 10 Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. - 2010 [электронный ресурс]. - URL: http://globocan.iarc.fr (дата обращения 01.05.2014)

Freedland S.J., Dorey F., Aronson W.J. Preoperative PSA velocity and doubling time do not predict adverse pathologic features or biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy // Urology. - 2001. - Vol. 57. - P. 476-480.

Freedland S.J., Humphreys E.B., Mangold L.A. et al. Risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality following biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy // JAMA. - 2005. - Vol. 294. - P. 433-439.

Freedland S.J., Humphreys E.B., Mangold L.A. et al. Death in patients with recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: prostate-specific antigen doubling time subgroups and their associated contributions to allcause mortality // J. Clin. Oncol. - 2007. - Vol. 25. - P. 1765-7171.

Garzotto M., Park Y., Mongoue-Tchokote S. et al. Recursive partitioning for risk stratification in men undergoing repeat prostate biopsies // Cancer (Philac). - 2005. - Vol. 104. - P. 1911-1917.

Gazzerro P. Pharmacological Actions of Statins: A. Critical Appraisal in the Management of Cancer // Pharmacological Reviews. - 2012. - Vol. 64. - P. 102-146.

Goluboff E.T., Heitjan D.F., DeVries G.M. et al. Pretreatment prostate specific antigen doubling times: use in patients before radical prostatectomy // J. Urol. - 1997. - Vol. 158. - P. 1876-1878.

Gralla R.J., Osoba D., Kris M.G. et al. Recommendations for the use of antiemetics: evidence-based, clinical practice guidelines // J. Clin. Oncol. - 1999. - Vol. 17. - P. 2971-2994.

Guess B., Jennrich R., Johnson H. et al. Using splines to detect changes in PSA doubling times // Prostate. - 2003. - Vol. 54. - P. 88-94.

Han M., Partin A.W., Zahurak M. et al. Biochemical (prostate specific antigen) recurrence probability following radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer // J. Urol. - 2003. -Vol. 169. - P. 517-523.

Hanks G.E., Hanlon A.L., Lee W.R. et al. Pretreatment prostate-specific antigen doubling times: clinical utility of this predictor of prostate cancer behavior // Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. - 1996. - Vol. 34. - P. 549-553.

Hanlon A.L., Horwitz E.M., Hanks G.E., Pollack A. Shortterm androgen deprivation and PSA doubling time: their association and relationship to disease progression after radiation therapy for prostate cancer // Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. - 2004. - Vol. 58. - P. 43-52.

Harman S.M., Metter E.J., Tobin J.D. et al. Longitudinal Effects of Aging on Serum Total and Free Testosterone Levels in Healthy Men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study o Aging // J. Clin. Endocrin. & Metabolism. - 2001. - Vol. 86. - P. 724-731.

Heidenreich A., Bolla M., Joniau S., Mason M.D., Matveev V., Mottet N., Schmid H.-P., T.H. van der Kwast, Wiegel T., Zattoni F.; members of the European Association of Urology (EAU) Guidelines Office. Guidelines on Prostate Cancer. In: EAU Guidelines, edition presented at the 25th EAU Annual Congress, Barcelona 2010.

Herschman J.D., Smith D.S., Catalona W.J. Effect of ejaculation on serum total and free prostate-specific antigen concentrations // Urology. - 1997. - Vol. 50. - P. 239243.

Khatami A., Aus G., Damber J.E. et al. PSA doubling time predicts the outcome after active surveillance in screening-detected prostate cancer: Results from the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer, Sweden section // Int. J. Cancer. - 2007. - Vol. 120. - P. 170-174.

Klomp M.L., Ilendrikx A.J., Keyzer J.J. The effect of transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) including digital rectal examination (DRE) of the prostate on the level of prostate specific antigen (PSA) // Br. J. Urol. - 1994. - Vol. 73. - P. 71-74.

Klotz L. Active surveillance with selective delayed intervention using PSA doubling time for good risk prostate cancer // Eur. Urol. - 2005. - Vol. 47. - P. 16-21.

Lawrence M.G., Lai J., Clements J.A. Kallikreins on Steroids Structure, Function, and Hormonal Regulation of Prostate-Specific Antigen and the Extended Kallikrein Locus // Endocrine Reviews. - 2010. - Vol. 31. - P. 407-446.

LeBeau M., Kostova M., Craik C.S., Denmeade S.R. Prostate-Specific Antigen an Overlooked Candidate for the Targeted Treatment and Selective Imaging of Prostate Cancer // J. Biological Chemistry. - 2010. - Vol. 391. - P. 333-343.

Leibman B.D., Dillioglugil O., Scardino P.T. et al. Prostate-specific antigen doubling times are similar in patients with recurrence after radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy: a novel analysis // J. Clin. Oncol. - 1998. - Vol. 16. - P. 2267-2271.

Leventis A.K., Shariat S.F., Kattan M.W. et al. Prediction of response to salvage radiation therapy in patients with prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy // J. Clin. Oncol. - 2001. - Vol. 19. - P. 1030-1039.

Lin J.T., Wang J.S., Jiann B.P. et al. Correlation of p53 Protein Accumulation and Bcl-2 Overexpression with Histopathological Features in Prostatic Cancer // J. Formosan Medical Association. - 2005. - Vol. 104. - P. 864-867.

Loberg R.D., Fielhauer J.R., Pienta B.A. et al. Prostate-specific antigen doubling time and survival in patients with advanced metastatic prostate cancer // Urology. - 2003. - Vol. 62. - P. 128-133.

Lovgren J., Valtonen-Andre C., Marsal K. et al. Measurement of prostate-specific antigen and human glandular kallikrein 2 in different body fluids // J. Androl. - 1999. - Vol. 20. - P. 348-355.

McLaren D.B., McKenzie M., Duncan G., Pickles T. Watchful waiting or watchful progression: Prostate specific antigen doubling times and clinical behavior in patients with early untreated prostate carcinoma // Cancer (Philad). - 1998. - Vol. 82. - P. 342-348.

Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center cancer information: prostate nomogram. [Accessed December 2007]. Available at: http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/10088.cfm

Miller K., Abrahamsson P.A., Akakura K. et al. The Continuing Role of PSA in the Detection and Management of Prostate Cancer // Eur. Urol. - 2007. - P. 327-333.

Moul J.W., Wu H., Sun L. et al. Early versus delayed hormonal therapy for prostate specific antigen only recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy // J. Urol. - 2004. - Vol. 171. - P. 1141-1147.

National Comprehensive Cancer Network Inc. Prostate Cancer. 2011 [Cited 2007] http://www.nccn.org

Niu Y., Yeh S., Miyamoto H. et al. Tissue Prostate-Specific Antigen Facilitates Refractory Prostate Tumor Progression via Enhancing ARA70-Regulated Androgen Receptor Transactivation // Cancer Res. - 2008. - Vol. 68. - P. 7110-7119.

O’Brien M.F., Cronin A.M., Fearn P.A. et al. Pretreatment prostate-specific antigen (PSA) velocity and doubling time are associated with outcome but neither improves prediction of outcome beyond pretreatment PSA alone in patients treated with radical prostatectomy // J. Clin. Oncol. - 2009. - Vol. 27. - P. 3591-3597.

Okotie O.T., Aronson W.J., Wieder J.A. et al. Predictors of metastatic disease in men with biochemical failure following radical prostatectomy // J. Urol. - 2004. - Vol. 171. - P. 2260-2264.

Ornstein D.K., Smith D.S., Rao G.S. et al. Biological variation of total, free and percent free Serum prostate specific antigen levels in screening volunteers // J. Urol. - 1997. - Vol. 157. - P. 2179-2182.

O’Rourke M.E. The Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening Conundrum Examining the Evidence // Seminars in Oncology Nursing. - 2011. - Vol. 27. - P. 251-259.

Orwoll E.S., Nielson C.M., Labrie F. et al. Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Research Group. Evidence for Geographical and Racial Variation in Serum Sex Steroid Levels in Older Men // J. Clin Endocrinol & Metabolism. - 2010. - Vol. 95. - P. 151-160.

Oudard S., Banu E., Scotte F. et al. Prostate-specific antigen doubling time before onset of chemotherapy as a predictor of survival for hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients // Ann. Oncol. - 2007. - Vol. 18. - P. 1828-1833.

Pandey R., Patil N., Rao M. Proteases and Protease Inhibitors: Implications in Antitumorigenesis and Drug Development // Int J. Human Genetics. - 2007. - Vol. 7. - P. 67-82.

Penney K.L., Schumacher F.R., Kraft P. et al. Association of KLK3 (PSA) Genetic Variants with Prostate Cancer Risk and PSA Levels // Carcinogenesis. - 2011. - Vol. 32. - P. 853-859.

Pinover W.H., Horwitz E.M., Hanlon A.L. et al. Validation of a treatment policy for patients with prostate specific antigen failure after three-dimensional conformal prostate radiation therapy // Cancer (Philad). - 2003. - Vol. 97. - P. 1127-1133.

Polascik T.J., Oesterling J.E., Partin A.W. Prostate specific antigen: A. decade of discovery -what we have learned and where we are going // J. Urol. - 1999. - Vol. 162. - P. 293-306.

Pollack A., Zagars G.K., Kavadi V.S. Prostate specific antigen doubling time and disease relapse after radiotherapy for prostate cancer // Cancer (Philad). - 1994. - Vol. 74. - P. 670-678.

Pound C.R., Partin A.W., Eisenberger M.A. et al. Natural history of progression after PSA elevation following radical prostatectomy // JAMA. - 1999. - Vol. 281. - P. 1591-1597.

Prestigiacomo A.F., Stamey T.A. Physiological variation of serum prostate specific antigen in the 4.0 to 10.0 ng/ml range in male volunteers // J. Urol. - 1996. - Vol. 155. - P. 1977-1980.

Pretlow T.G., Pretlow T.P., Yang B. et al. Tissue concentrations of prostate-specific antigen in prostatic carcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia // Int. J. Cancer. - 1991. - Vol. 49. - P. 645-649.

Pruthi R.S., Johnstone I., Tu I.P., Stamey T.A. Prostate-specific antigen doubling times in patients who have failed radical prostatectomy: correlation with histologic characteristics of the primary cancer // Urology. - 1997. - Vol. 49. - P. 737-742.

Raaijmakers R., Wildhagen M.F., Ito K. et al. Prostate-specific antigen change in the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer, section Rotterdam // Urology. - 2004. - Vol. 63. - P. 316-320

Ramirez M.L., Nelson E.C., Devere White R.W. et al. Current applications for prostate-specific antigen doubling time // Eur. Urol. - 2008. - Vol. 54. - P. 291-300.

Roberts S.G., Blute M.L., Bergstralh E.J. et al. PSA doubling time as a predictor of clinical progression after biochemical failure following radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer // Mayo Clin. Proc. - 2001. - Vol. 76. - P. 576-581.

Ross P.L., Mahmud S., Stephenson A.J. et al. Variations in PSA doubling time in patients with prostate cancer on ‘‘watchful waiting’’: value of short-term PSADT determinations // Urology. - 2004. - Vol. 64. - P. 323-328.

Sartor C.I., Strawderman M.H., Lin X.H. et al. Rate of PSA rise predicts metastatic versus local recurrence after definitive radiotherapy // Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. - 1997. - Vol. 38. - P. 941-977.

Schmid H.-P., McNeal J.E., Stamey T.A. Observations on the doubling time of prostate cancer. The use of serial prostate-specific antigen in patients with untreated disease as a measure of increasing cancer volume // Cancer (Prilad). - 1993. - Vol. 71. - P. 2031-2040.

Schmid H.-P., Morant R., Bernhard J., Maibach R. Prostate specific antigen doubling time as auxiliary end point in hormone refractory prostatic carcinoma // Eur. Urol. - 2003. - Vol. 43. - P. 28-30.

Sengupta S., Blute M.L., Bagniewski S.M. et al. Increasing prostate specific antigen following radical prostatectomy and adjuvant hormonal therapy: doubling time predicts survival // J. Urol. - 2006. - Vol. 175. - P. 1684-1690.

Shulman M.J., Karam J.A., Benaim E.A. Prostate-specific antigen doubling time predicts response to deferred antiandrogen therapy in men with androgen-independent prostate cancer // Urology. - 2004. - Vol. 63. - P. 732-736.

Sieh W., Edwards K.L., Fitzpatrick A.L. et al. Genetic Susceptibility to Prostate Cancer: Prostate-Specific Antigen and Its Interaction with the Androgen Receptor // Cancer Causes Control. - 2006. - Vol. 17. - P. 187-197.

Spurgeon S.E., Mongoue-Tchokote S., Collins L. et al. Assessment of prostate-specific antigen doubling time in prediction of prostate cancer on needle biopsy // Urology. - 2007. - Vol. 69. - P. 931-935.

Stamey T.A., Yang N., Hay A.R. et al. Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate // N. Engl. J. Med. -1987. - Vol. 317. - P. 909-916.

Stamey T.A., Kabalin J.N., McNeal J.E. Prostate specific antigen in the diagnosis and treatment of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. II. Radical prostatectomy treated patients // J. Urol. - 1989. - Vol. 141. - P. 1076-1083.

Stephenson A.J., Shariat S.F., Zelefsky M.J. et al. Salvage radiotherapy for recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy // JAMA. - 2004. - Vol. 291. - P. 1325-1332.

Sutkowski D.M., Goode R.L., Banial J. et al. Growth Regulation of Prostatic Stromal Cells by Prostate-Specific Antigen // J. Nat. Canc. Inst. - 1999. - Vol. 91. - P. 1663-1669.

Stewart A.J., Scher H.I., Chen M.H. et al. Prostate-specific antigen nadir and cancer-specific mortality following hormonal therapy for prostate-specific antigen failure // J. Clin. Oncol. - 2005. - Vol. 23. - P. 6556-6560.

Svatek R., Karakiewicz P.I., Shulman M. et al. Pretreatment nomogram for disease-specific survival of patients with chemotherapy-naive androgen independent prostate cancer // Eur. Urol. - 2006. - Vol. 49. - P. 666-674.

Tang P., Du W., Xie K. et al. Characteristics of Baseline PSA and PSA Velocity in Young Men without Prostate Cancer: Racial Differences // Prostate. - 2013. - Vol. 72. - P. 173-180.

Thapa D., Ghosh R. Antioxidants for Prostate cancer Chemoprevention: Challenges and Opportunities // Biochemical Pharmacology. - 2012. - Vol. 83. - P. 1319-1330.

Thompson I.M., Goodman P.J., Tangen C.M. et al. The Influence of Finasteride on the Development of Prostate Cancer // New England J. Medicine. - 2003. - Vol. 349. - P. 215-224.

Tollefson M.K., Slezak J.M., Leibovich B.C. et al. Stratification of patient risk based on prostate-specific antigen doubling time after radical retropubic prostatectomy // Mayo Clin. Proc. - 2007. - Vol. 82. - P. 422-427.

Trapasso J.G., deKernion J.B., Smith R.B., Dorey F. The incidence and significance of detectable levels of serum prostate specific antigen after radical prostatectomy // J. Urol. - 1994. - Vol. 152. - P. 1821-1825.

Valicenti R.K., Desilvio M., Hanks G.E. et al. Posttreatment prostatic-specific antigen doubling time as a surrogate endpoint for prostate cancer-specific survival: An analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocol 92-02 // Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. - 2006. - Vol. 66. - P. 1064-1071.

Veveris-Lowe T.L., Lawrence M.G., Collard R.L. et al. Kallikrein 4 (hK4) and Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Are Associated with the Loss of E-Cadherin and an Epithelial- Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)-like Effect in Prostate Cancer Cells // Endocrine-Related Cancer. - 2005. - Vol. 12. - P. 631-643.

Wang L.G., Liu X.M., Kreis W., Budman D.R. Down Regulation of Prostate-Specific Antigen Expression by Finasteride through Inhibition of Complex Formation between Androgen Receptor and Steroid Receptor Binding Consensus in the Promoter of the PSA Gene in LNCaP Cells // Cancer Res. - 1997. - Vol. 57. - P. 714-719.

Watt K.W., Lee P.J., M’Timkulu T. et al. Human prostate-specific antigen: Structural and functional similarity with serine proteases // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA. - 1986. - Vol. 83. - P. 3166-3170.

Webber M.M., Waghray A., Bello D. Prostate-Specific Antigen, a Serine Protease, Facilitates Human Prostate Cancer Cell Invasion // Clinical Cancer Research. - 1995. - Vol. 1. - P. 1089-1094.

Williams S.A., Singh P., Isaacs J.T., Denmeade S.R. Does PSA Play a Role as a Promoting Agent during the Initiation and/or Progression of Prostate Cancer // Prostate. - 2007. - Vol. 67. - P. 312-329.

Williams S.A., Jelinek C.A., Litvinov I. et al. Enzymatically Active Prostate-Specific Antigen Promotes Growth of Human Prostate Cancers // Prostate. - 2011. - Vol. 71. - P. 1595-1607.

Xue W., Irvine R.A., Yu M.C. et al. Susceptibility to Prostate Cancer: Interaction between Genotypes at the Androgen Receptor and Prostate-Specific Antigen Loci // Cancer Res. - 2000. - Vol. 60. - P. 839-841.

Yu H., Levesque M.A., Clark G.M., Diamandis E.P. Prognostic value of prostate-specific antigen for women with breast cancer: a large United States cohort study // Clin. Cancer Res. - 1998. - Vol. 4. - P. 1489-1497.

Zhou P., Chen M.-H., McLeod D. et al. Predictors of prostate cancer-specific mortality after radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy // J. Clin. Oncol. - 2005. - Vol. 23. - P. 6992-6998.

All the Copyright statements for authors are present in the standart Publishing Agreement (Public Offer) to Publish an Article in an Academic Periodical 'Problems in oncology' ...