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Abstract
Melanoma belongs to malignant tumors that are at a high risk of early metastatic spreading and have a high mortality rate.
Data from the majority of countries demonstrate a rapid increase of the incidence of melanoma.
The most important environmental risk factors are the exposure to ultraviolet rays and quantity of melanocytic nevi.
Genome wide association studies of melanoma has allowed to identify the complex mutational profile which has shown intratumoral microheterogeneity of melanoma that leads to difficulty of its treatment.
The current review provides information on epidemiological, clinical characteristics of (malignant) melanoma^ and analysis of risk factors and genetic changes in the BRAF and NRAS genes for different forms of melanoma has been performed, depending on the localisation of the primary tumor (skin, mucosal, uveal). A variety of oncogenic changes in nevi and subtypes of melanoma associated and non-associated with solar exposure are discussed.
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