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Abstract
According to statistics, the number of women diagnosed with breast cancer worldwide in 2020 amounted to 2.3 million. The number of deaths from breast cancer accounted for approximately 690,000 (6.9 %) cases. Before they died, about 70 % of women developed metastases. One method of breast сarcinoma metastasis is lymphogenic spread, which makes it essential to understand the topographic and anatomical features of the lymphatic vessels of the breast. Lymphatic dissemination is considered one of the main ways of breast cancer metastasis, making it crucial to understand the topographic and anatomical features of the lymphatic system of the mammary gland, which may hold the key to comprehending the pathways of metastasis, allowing for more precise determination of the extent of surgical intervention and predicting the likelihood of distant metastases.
This literature review extensively examines the historical aspects of studying the anatomy of deep and superficial lymphatic vessels of the mammary gland, discusses the peculiarities of their topography based on modern research, and presents various patterns of lymphogenous metastasis using clinical cases as examples. The authors of this article discuss some results from their own study, where they investigated the subareolar plexus of Sappey at the macroscopic and microscopic levels using methods of color lymphography, classical histology, and immunohistochemistry with antibodies against podoplanin (D2-40), smooth muscle actin (SMA), pan-cytokeratin AE1/AE3, and transcription factor GATA3. The study revealed the relationship between the subareolar plexus and the lymphatic system of the breast, and identified signs confirming its involvement in the process of lymphogenous metastasis in breast cancer with metastases in the axillary lymph nodes.
To prepare this review, a literature search was conducted in Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, PubMed, CyberLeninka, RSCI, and CNKI databases. The analysis included sources indexed in Scopus and Web of Science (78%), RSCI, and CNKI (22 %), with 35 % of the works published in the last 5 years. 37 sources were used for writing the literature review.
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