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Данная статья является продолжением публикации, посвященной особым типам рака молочной железы (РМЖ), история изучения которого насчитывает тысячелетия. Современная онкология рассматривает РМЖ как гетерогенную группу заболеваний, различающихся по морфологии, молекулярным подтипам и клиническому течению. Благодаря развитию диагностики и персонализированной терапии, смертность от РМЖ существенно ниже, чем при других агрессивных опухолях, таких как рак поджелудочной железы или печени.
Во второй части публикации речь пойдет о редких и особых гистологических типах РМЖ с неблагоприятным и неясным прогнозом. Классификация этих форм основывается не только на морфологических, но и на иммуногистохимических, молекулярных и прогностических характеристиках, что отражает современный клинический подход.
В исследовании, проведенном на базе НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Петрова, частота особых типов РМЖ (без учета дольковых карцином) составила 8,12 % всех случаев, а наиболее часто встречались муцинозный и папиллярный типы, которые чаще характеризуются благоприятным прогнозом. Вместе с тем такие формы, как метапластический, нейроэндокринный и микропапиллярный рак ассоциированы с худшими исходами и составляют около трети всех особых форм.
Данные НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Петрова (Санкт-Петербург) сопоставимы с результатами анализа, представленного Научно-исследовательской онкологической клиникой при университетской клинике Анкары (Ankara Oncology Training and Research Hospital of the University of Health Sciences), что подтверждает универсальность выявленных закономерностей. Особые типы с благоприятным прогнозом, но трижды негативным фенотипом (например, аденокистозный, ацинарноклеточный, секреторный рак) требуют дальнейшего изучения из-за их редкости и потенциальной клинической значимости.
В заключении подчеркивается, что клиническое поведение особых форм РМЖ не всегда соответствует их биологическим особенностям, что затрудняет прогнозирование. Выбор терапии должен базироваться на комплексной оценке морфологических, иммуногистохимических и молекулярных характеристик опухоли, а также клинических данных. Персонализированный подход к лечению особых типов РМЖ становится ключевым фактором для улучшения исходов у данной категории пациентов.
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