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摘要
До недавних пор создание универсального теста, который позволил бы по анализу крови, мочи или иной биологической жидкости выявить любое злокачественное новообразование на ранней стадии, представлялось задачей наподобие разработки «вечного двигателя». На этом пути лежат многочисленные препятствия, и прежде всего – сверхмалые концентрации тех потенциальных маркеров, которые клетки подобных опухолей высвобождают в кровь. Между тем, попытки создания такого теста оказались мощным двигателем прогресса методологии высокоточного ДНК-анализа, а за последние несколько лет на этом поле были достигнуты ошеломляющие практические успехи. Такие разработки, как тест CancerSEEK, уже достигли пороговых показателей, допускающих клиническое использование. Быстро развиваются методики, основанные на поиске различий в паттернах метилирования (тест Galleri, cfMeDIP-seq). Ряд исследований основан на весьма неожиданных подходах, например анализе циркулирующих в плазме опухоль-ассоциированных вирусных или микробных последовательностей ДНК. Помимо попыток создания универсальных тестов, выявляющих любые или многочисленные разновидности неоплазм у лиц старшего возраста, развитие получили методы ранней ДНК-диагностики опухолей конкретных локализаций в прочих категориях высокого онкологического риска. В свете этих достижений перспективы внедрения жидкостной биопсии в число рутинных диспансерных методов обследования уже не выглядят делом далекого будущего.
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